The Münchhausen trilemma is that there are only three ways of completing a proof:

  • The circular argument, in which the proof of some proposition presupposes the truth of that very proposition
  • The regressive argument, in which each proof requires a further proof, ad infinitum
  • The dogmatic argument, which rests on accepted precepts which are merely asserted rather than defended
  • 形式逻辑 足够强的形式系统的元性质只能在元语言中证明,从而得不到ground truth。